Lesson 41: Modern C++ Features (C++11/14/17/20)

Modern C++ Features (C++11/14/17/20)\n\nC++ has evolved dramatically over the last decade. Each new standard introduced language constructs and library components that make code safer, more expressive, and often more performant.\n\n---\n\n## C++11 Highlights\n- auto type deduction\n- Range‑based for\n- Lambda expressions\n- nullptr\n- enum class\n- std::thread, std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr\n- static_assert\n\n## C++14 Additions\n- Generic lambdas (auto parameters)\n- Return type deduction for normal functions\n- std::make_unique\n\n## C++17 Features\n- Structured bindings (auto [a,b] = tuple;)\n- if constexpr\n- std::optional, std::variant\n- std::filesystem\n- std::string_view\n- Inline variables (inline constexpr)\n\n## C++20 Innovations\n- Concepts (requires, std::integral)\n- Ranges library (std::ranges::...)\n- Calendar and timezone utilities (std::chrono::year_month_day)\n- consteval and improved constexpr\n- std::span for view‑only ranges\n- template <auto> non‑type template parameters\n\n---\n\n## Example: Using structured bindings and if constexpr\ncpp\nstd::pair<std::string, int> p{\"Alice\", 30};\nauto [name, age] = p; // name = "Alice", age = 30\nif constexpr (std::is_same_v<decltype(age), int>) {\n std::cout << name << \" is \" << age << \" years old\\n\";\n}\n\n\n> Tip: Enable the latest standard your compiler supports (-std=c++20) to take advantage of these features.\n\n---\n\n<Alert type="info">Modern C++ encourages expressive code. Prefer library facilities over hand‑rolled implementations.