Basic Data Types

Basic Data Types\n\nRust's type system is a cornerstone of its safety and performance. Every value has a definite type, known at compile time, enabling the compiler to make optimizations and prevent errors.\n\n## Scalar Types\n\nScalars represent single values:\n\n### Integers\n\nSigned (can be negative):\n- i8, i16, i32, i64, i128: 8 to 128-bit signed integers\n- isize: Platform-dependent (32-bit on 32-bit systems, 64-bit on 64-bit)\n\nUnsigned (non-negative only):\n- u8, u16, u32, u64, u128: 8 to 128-bit unsigned integers\n- usize: Platform-dependent\n\nrust\nlet a: i32 = -42; // Signed 32-bit\nlet b: u8 = 255; // Unsigned 8-bit (max value)\nlet c = 5; // Type inferred as i32\nlet d = 1_000_000; // Underscores for readability\n\n\n### Floating-Point\n\n- f32: 32-bit IEEE single precision\n- f64: 64-bit IEEE double precision (default)\n\nrust\nlet pi: f32 = 3.14159; // 32-bit float\nlet tau: f64 = 6.283185; // 64-bit float (default)\nlet scientific = 1.5e-2; // 0.015\n\n\n### Boolean\n\nbool values: true or false\n\nrust\nlet active: bool = true;\nlet is_raining = false;\nlet result = 5 > 3; // true\n\n\n### Characters\n\nchar: Single Unicode scalar value (4 bytes)\n\nrust\nlet letter = 'A';\nlet emoji = '🦀'; // Emoji are valid!\nlet special = '\\n'; // Escaped characters\n\n\nNote: char is single-quoted, String is double-quoted.\n\n## Compound Types\n\n### Tuples\n\nGroup multiple values of different types:\n\nrust\nlet tup: (i32, f64, u8) = (500, 6.4, 1);\n\n// Destructuring\nlet (x, y, z) = tup;\nprintln!(\"y = {}\", y); // 6.4\n\n// Accessing by index\nprintln!(\"First: {}\", tup.0); // 500\n\n\n### Arrays\n\nFixed-size collections of same type:\n\nrust\nlet arr: [i32; 3] = [1, 2, 3]; // Type and length specified\nlet arr = [5; 3]; // [5, 5, 5]\nprintln!(\"First: {}\", arr[0]); // 1\n\n// Arrays have fixed size known at compile time\nlet len = arr.len(); // 3\n\n\n## Compound Type Example\n\nrust\nfn main() {\n // Tuple with mixed types\n let person: (String, i32, bool) = (\n String::from(\"Alice\"),\n 30,\n true\n );\n \n let (name, age, active) = person;\n println!(\"{} is {} years old\", name, age);\n \n // Array of numbers\n let scores: [i32; 5] = [95, 87, 92, 88, 90];\n let average = (scores.iter().sum::<i32>() as f64) / scores.len() as f64;\n println!(\"Average: {}\", average);\n}\n\n\n## Type Inference\n\nRust infers types when not explicitly specified:\n\nrust\nlet x = 5; // i32 (default integer)\nlet y = 3.14; // f64 (default float)\nlet z = true; // bool\nlet values = vec![1, 2, 3]; // Vec<i32>\n\n\n## Type Conversion\n\nConvert between types explicitly:\n\nrust\nlet x: i32 = 5;\nlet y: f64 = x as f64; // Explicit cast\n\nlet s = \"42\";\nlet n: i32 = s.parse().unwrap(); // From string\n\n\n## Integer Overflow\n\nIn debug mode, overflow panics. In release mode, it wraps:\n\nrust\nlet x: u8 = 255;\nlet y = x + 1; // Debug: panics; Release: wraps to 0\n\n\nUse checked operations for safety:\n\nrust\nmatch x.checked_add(1) {\n Some(result) => println!(\"Sum: {}\", result),\n None => println!(\"Overflow!\"),\n}\n